📌 1. Punctuation Marks
Period (.) - Full Stop
Use a full stop at the end of a sentence that tells something.
The cat sat on the mat.
I like to read books.
Every sentence that is not a question or exclamation needs a full stop!
Question Mark (?) - Question
Use a question mark at the end of a sentence that asks something.
What is your name?
Do you like apples?
Write a question: ________________________________
Exclamation Mark (!) - Exclamation
Use an exclamation mark to show strong feelings like surprise, joy, or excitement.
Wow! That is amazing!
Help! I need assistance!
Don't overuse exclamation marks!
Comma (,)
Use commas to:
- Separate items in a list
- Show a pause in a sentence
- Separate city from country/state
I have a cat, a dog, and a rabbit.
Sydney, New South Wales, is a big city.
After school, I go home.
Apostrophe (')
Use apostrophes for:
- Showing who owns something (possession)
- Shortened words (contractions)
The boy's book. (The book belongs to the boy.)
I don't know. (I do not know.)
Write the full form: I've = _____________
Quotation Marks (" ")
Use quotation marks to show what someone said.
"Hello!" said Mum.
"I am happy," said Tom.
The period and comma go INSIDE the quotation marks!
📖 2. Grammar - Parts of Speech
Nouns - Naming Words
Nouns name people, places, things, or ideas.
- Person: teacher, doctor, Mum, Tom
- Place: school, park, Sydney, library
- Thing: book, table, car, computer
- Idea: happiness, kindness, beauty
The dog ran in the park.
Circle the nouns: The cat sat on the soft mat.
Verbs - Action Words
Verbs show actions or states of being.
The boy ran fast.
She is happy.
We eat breakfast every day.
Every sentence needs a verb!
Underline the verb: The bird flies in the sky.
Adjectives - Describing Words
Adjectives describe nouns (what kind, how many, which one).
The big dog. (What kind of dog?)
Three red apples. (How many? What color?)
Add adjectives: The __________ cat climbed the __________ tree.
Pronouns - Replacing Words
Pronouns replace nouns to avoid repetition.
- I, you, he, she, it, we, they - Subject pronouns
- Me, him, her, us, them - Object pronouns
Tom is tall. He plays football.
I saw the cat. It was black.
Replace with pronoun: The dog chased the ball. The dog caught it. → __________ caught __________.
Prepositions - Position Words
Prepositions show position, direction, or time.
- Position: in, on, under, behind, next to
- Direction: to, from, into, out of
- Time: at, in, on, before, after
The ball is under the table.
We go to school at 8 o'clock.
Fill in: The cat is sitting __________ the chair.
Conjunctions - Joining Words
Conjunctions join words or sentences together.
- and - adds things
- but - shows contrast
- or - shows choice
- so - shows result
I like apples and oranges.
I am tired, but I will finish my work.
Choose: I wanted ice cream, __________ the shop was closed. (and/but/so)
Articles - a, an, the
- a - before consonant sounds (a cat, a book)
- an - before vowel sounds (an apple, an umbrella)
- the - before specific things (the sun, the teacher)
I have a pet. The pet is a dog.
I ate an apple for breakfast.
Fill in: I saw __________ elephant at __________ zoo.
Subject-Verb Agreement
The verb must match the subject (singular/plural).
- Singular + "s/es": She walks, He plays
- Plural (no s): They walk, We play
The cat meows.
The cats meow.
Correct: The bird __________ in the tree. (flies/flight)
Tense - Past, Present, Future
- Present: happening now (walk, eat, is)
- Past: already happened (walked, ate, was)
- Future: will happen (will walk, will eat)
Yesterday, I walked to school.
Today, I walk to school.
Tomorrow, I will walk to school.
Change to past: The boy eats an apple. → __________ __________ an apple.
✍️ 3. Spelling Rules
Short Vowels vs Long Vowels
- Short vowels: a (cat), e (bed), i (pin), o (hot), u (run)
- Long vowels: say their name (cake, see, like, home, use)
Short: cap → Long: cape
Short: kit → Long: kite
Circle the long vowel words: fan, cake, bit, rope, hop
Plural Endings
| Rule | Example |
|---|
| Add s | cat → cats, dog → dogs |
| Add es | box → boxes, bush → bushes |
| y → i + es | baby → babies |
| Irregular | child → children, man → men |
Write plurals: one fox → __________
Write plurals: one baby → __________
Adding Endings (-ing, -ed, -er, -est)
- Add -ing: walk → walking, play → playing
- Add -ed: walked, played
- Drop e + -ing: make → making
- Double consonant + -ing: run → running
Add -ing: jump → __________
Add -ed: dance → __________
Common Contractions
| Contraction | Means |
|---|
| don't | do not |
| can't | cannot |
| I'm | I am |
| you're | you are |
| won't | will not |
Write the full form: She'd = __________
Common Homophones
- their/there/they're: their = belongs to them, there = that place, they're = they are
- to/too/two: to = direction, too = also, two = number
- your/you're: your = belongs to you, you're = you are
They're going there to see their friend.
Fill in: __________ going to the park. (Their/They're/There)
Common Misspelled Words
because
beautiful
different
really
friends
wanted
thought
always
should
📝 4. Practice Questions
Punctuation
1. What is your name __________ ? . ! ,
2. Circle the correct: I dont / don't know.
3. Fill in: The girls' / girls / girl's room is clean.
Grammar
4. The boy __________ (run/runs) fast.
5. I saw __________ (their/there) car.
6. She __________ (goed/went) to school yesterday.
Spelling
7. The childrens → __________
8. I writed → __________
Answers
1) ? 2) don't 3) girls' 4) runs 5) their 6) went 7) children 8) wrote
